Atrial septal defect (ASD) and Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD) are heart abnormalities generally present from birth (congenital heart defects). These are abnormal openings in the heart that didn’t close during development or after birth.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) – It is an abnormal connection between two major arteries of the heart named the Aorta and Pulmonary artery. Depending on the size of the opening, it is not uncommon for these conditions to go for many years or decades without being noticed. However, in some cases, they can cause stress on the heart and result in symptoms such as breathlessness, stroke, or abnormal heart enlargement.
All these defects allow blood to pass from the left side of the heart to the right side, which is abnormal and increases the load on the heart.